How to Paint Looser: Mastering Brushwork Techniques for Impressionist Art
One of the most common messages I receive, is from beginners, asking if they ‘need to loosen up.’
Sometimes they do, sometimes they don’t.
Painting in a loose, impressionistic style has the allure of freedom and artistic and personal expression. But when you’re thinking about your drawing, composition, and colour mixing, achieving fluid and expressive brushwork feels elusive.
So, what can you do to practice? How can you keep a balance between realism and looseness?
The key to looser brushwork lies in mastering the subtleties of your tools and learning how to let go of unnecessary precision.
The 1 Reason Most People Fail at Brushwork
I’ve been practising and teaching brushwork for over 20 years. Using traditional to modern techniques, including long handle, short handle, sable, and hog, I’ve seen first-hand how proficient brushwork can transform your painting, but over the years, I’ve also learned that people who want to achieve fluid, expressive paintings often end up failing.
Approaching brushwork with a mindset of control and perfectionism isn’t the answer. You could think you would achieve more by focusing harder, using better brushes, or spending more time on details, but the truth is that the fear of letting go is holding you back.
One of my favourite brushes does everything ‘wrong’.
Bristles have fallen out.
It doesn’t hold much paint anymore.
The bristles are splayed, and there’s a thick paint build-up near the ferrule.
I love it.
The imperfections in the bristles create unpredictable strokes and texture that a new brush can’t achieve.
(There is a Japanese term called Wabi-Sabi. This is my wabi-sabi brush!)
The secret to loose, expressive brushwork lies in understanding key elements—your brushes, paint consistency, surface, and how you hold the brush.
Whether you’re wondering how to learn brushwork or simply want to improve your expressive painting skills, this guide will show you how small adjustments can make a huge difference.
6 Key Variables That Influence Brushwork
Have you got control issues?
To paint looser, you need to understand the factors that shape your brushwork. There are countless variables that affect the look and feel of your strokes, and tweaking them will help you achieve a more fluid, expressive style. The biggest one is control.
When you move from pencil to paintbrush, a simple mistake will unwittingly hold your loose painting back.
You’re holding your paintbrush like a pencil, not a brush.
The further back along the handle you hold your brush, the less control you have.
The less control, the more loose a brushstroke will be.
My trusty old brush
1. Bristles: The Foundation of Brushwork
Each brush behaves differently; understanding them is key to creating varied and dynamic strokes. The type of bristles is the most fundamental factor influencing your work; this article looks at the most common bristles used in artist brushes.
- Length and Width of Bristles: A wider brush (in relation to your canvas size) covers more surface area and encourages bigger, bolder marks, perfect for a loose painting style.
- Absorbency: Bristles like sable hold more water, allowing for smoother, continuous strokes, while hog hair brushes tend to release paint more quickly, creating textured, broken lines.
- Snapback: This refers to how much the bristles spring back after being pressed into the canvas. Brushes with more snap create sharp, defined marks, while softer bristles make for smooth strokes.
- Age of the Brush: A new brush behaves differently from an old one. As brushes age, they soften, lose bristles, and create unpredictable marks. Many artists, myself included, prefer older, worn-out brushes because they allow for more spontaneous textures.
- Splay: Match the brush’s splay to the mark you’re trying to create. Imperfections create unpredictable strokes and textures.
Pro Tip: Don’t be afraid to experiment with those worn-out brushes you’ve moved to the back of your studio space—they might just give you the loose, textured strokes you’re after.
Thick impasto paint mixed on the canvas
Thin diluted paint, creating a soft fluid effect
2. Paint Consistency: Thick vs. Thin
The consistency of your paint is another major factor in brushwork. It affects how the paint interacts with your brush and canvas, and how it flows across the surface.
- Thick Paint: Using paint straight from the tube creates bold, textured brushstrokes. This works well for impasto techniques or when you want to emphasize texture and create broken edges.
- Thin Paint: Diluting your paint with water, oil, or a medium will allow it to flow more smoothly, leading to softer, more blended strokes. This is great for glazes or for creating a more fluid, looser style.
- Mixing on the Palette vs. on the Canvas: Fully mixing your paint on the palette will give you a consistent color, but mixing directly on the canvas adds color variation within each stroke, adding depth to your work.
Experiment: Try mixing partially on the canvas instead of fully on the palette. This can help loosen up your brushwork and introduce beautiful colour into your strokes.
Smooth canvas vs textured
Adding surface texture onto the canvas enables looser brush handling and broken edges
3. Surface Texture: How the Canvas Affects Your Brushwork
The surface you paint on—whether it’s a smooth board or a textured canvas—significantly affects the look of your brushstrokes.
- Smooth Surfaces: A smooth board allows your brush to glide, creating clean, solid blocks of color. This is great for controlled work but can feel too tight for looser styles.
- Textured Surfaces: A textured canvas grips the brush, breaking up the paint and creating more dynamic, irregular strokes. This helps when you want to achieve a looser, more expressive feel.
- Absorbent Surfaces: Some surfaces, like raw canvas or watercolour paper, absorb the paint, creating soft edges and a stained look. This is ideal for loose washes or underpaintings.
Pro Tip: If you’re struggling with tight brushwork, switch to a rougher surface. It encourages broken, unpredictable strokes.
4. Speed of Application: Fast, Medium, or Slow?
The speed at which you apply your brushstrokes directly influences how loose or tight your painting looks.
- Fast Brushstrokes: Quick strokes create energy and movement. To achieve looser, more expressive brushwork, practice speeding up your application.
- Medium Speed: A balanced, medium pace allows for some control while still maintaining a sense of flow. This works well when you want a mix of precision and looseness.
- Slow Brushstrokes: Slower strokes are more deliberate and careful, which can result in tighter, more controlled work. However, slowing down for specific details and then speeding up for broader areas can create a lovely dynamic balance in your painting.
Try This: Set a timer and force yourself to make faster brushstrokes during your next session. The sense of urgency can help break your perfectionism or reach for tea and biscuits to calm down!
Close grip giving more control
Loose grip further down the brush gives freer looser strokes
5. Brush Handling: Different Angles, Different Effects
How you hold your brush and the angle you use it, will change the quality of your strokes. Experiment with different grips and angles to achieve various effects.
- Flat, Side, Tip: Using the flat side of the brush gives you broad, even coverage while using the tip creates sharp, precise lines. Holding the brush at an angle or even using the handle to scratch into the paint adds more texture and unpredictability.
- Hand Grip: Holding your brush close to the ferrule gives you more control, but holding it further back encourages larger, freer strokes. You can even extend the handle to force yourself to paint from a distance, making it harder to get stuck in the details.
Pro Tip: Mix it up. Switch between gripping the brush close to the ferrule for details and farther back for broader, looser strokes.
6. Pressure: Strong vs. Soft Application
The pressure you apply with your brush dramatically affects your brushstrokes.
- Strong Pressure: Pushing hard into the canvas creates thick, bold strokes with visible texture. This is great for emphasizing specific areas of your painting.
- Soft Pressure: A lighter touch results in delicate, whisper-thin lines that can soften your overall piece. This technique is useful for transitions and highlights.
- Varying Pressure: Combining intense and soft pressure in the same stroke creates dynamic brushwork. For example, start with heavy pressure and gradually lighten as you move the brush, creating a stroke that fades out smoothly.
Exercise: In your next painting session, alternate between heavy and light pressure within the same stroke to create varied lines.
Putting It All Together: A Recipe for Looser Brushwork
To paint looser, you don’t need to throw out everything you’ve been doing. Instead, it’s about tweaking the variables—the brush, paint consistency, surface, speed, handling, and pressure. By experimenting with each of these elements, you can find a balance that feels more expressive and spontaneous.
Looser brushwork is about embracing the process and using your brush as a tool for expression, not just control. When you learn to experiment, push boundaries, and stop obsessing over the smallest details, your brushstrokes will naturally become freer.
Final Thoughts: Practice Makes Progress
The more you experiment with these variables, the better you’ll understand how they influence your brushwork. Remember, painting looser isn’t about being careless—it’s about learning to trust your instincts, work quickly, and make bold choices.
If you’d like to learn more about how your canvas choice, brush method and paint mixing can all work together, I’ve got a new ‘How to paint like Monet’ launching in the next couple of weeks; whoop whoop!
Look out for the materials list for the course next week so you can loosen up and let your creativity flow.